A new report by Equality Now says courts are increasingly becoming a frontline in global efforts to end female genital mutilation (FGM).

Titled “Towards Justice: Global Challenges and Opportunities in Litigating Cases of Female Genital Mutilation,” the study shows how women’s rights advocates and survivors are using strategic litigation to strengthen laws, close legal loopholes, and prevent rollbacks.

Drawing on cases from Africa, Asia, and the United States, the report finds that court action can set legal precedents, improve access to justice, and empower survivors to speak out, even as enforcement gaps persist despite growing criminal bans.

Equality Now warns that litigation alone is not sufficient and must be supported by well-funded laws and survivor-centred justice systems, noting UNICEF estimates that about 230 million women and girls worldwide have undergone FGM.